SCI论文写作离不开前人的研究,在自己的论文中引用别人的研究也是一个很有技巧的工作。但是,你知道该如何正确引用他人的研究吗?本期,笔者就来和大家聊一聊SCI论文写作的另一个套路——如何在自己SCI论文中转述和总结别人的论文和成果。
这里我们需要先说明引用、转述、总结都是我们在自己论文中使用他人论文和成果的方法,更多的是用在SCI论文的Introduction中。同时,引用、转述、总结有很大的区别,灵活运用好这三个方法对我们做文献调研、写论文都大有裨益!
什么是转述和总结?
转述和总结在科学论文中是必不可少的环节,因为它们能让你更好地引用他人的观点,而不会因为引用而使你的论文混乱不堪(写作风格不统一造成的)。
转述是指用自己的语言以大致相同的细节水平重申别人的观点,有点类似重新组织。
总结是指把别人的工作中最重要的部分精简为一个简短的语句,这需要加入你自己的理解。
一篇论文的Introduction和Abstract是我们用于转述和总结的重要资源。
在选择使用转述或总结时,首先要考虑你的写作原则和你所从事的写作类型。例如,科学报告中的文献综述几乎完全依赖参考文献里的摘要Abstract。
转述和总结的技巧可以帮助你更好地掌控自己的论文。当一篇论文中某个观点对你的论文很重要,但它的措辞却不重要的时候,你可以使用转述和总结技巧。如果你只需要读者了解一个梗概,那么你可以尝试总结。虽然转述和总结通常比引用更可取,但也不要过分依赖它们,因为SCI论文更看重的是你的创新点。
如何转述?
下面给出笔者总结的四点转述小经验:
当你在做笔记的时候,遇到一篇可能对你的论文有用的文章,不要逐字抄写,除非你认为你会想引用它。
如果你想转述一篇文章,那么只需记下原作者的基本观点,甚至不需要使用原文完整的句子。
你应该已经把原文转换成自己的话了,重要的是抓住核心。
一定要记下转述原文的来源,以免后期再找出处。
注意:当你写论文的时候,依靠的是你的笔记而不是一堆参考文献的原件。做好笔记,你会尽可能避免查找原文,提高你的写作效率。
下面让我们来看看一些合理和不合理的转述例子,引用Sacks的文章《An Anthropologist on Mars》中的一段话。
下面是一个合理转述的例子:
The cause of autism has also been a matter of dispute. Its incidence is about one in a thousand, and it occurs throughout the world, its features remarkably consistent even in extremely different cultures. It is often not recognized in the first year of life, but tends to become obvious in the second or third year. Though Asperger regarded it as a biological defect of affective contact—innate, inborn, analogous to a physical or intellectual defect—Kanner tended to view it as a psychogenic disorder, a reflection of bad parenting, and most especially of a chillingly remote, often professional, “refrigerator mother.” At this time, autism was often regarded as “defensive” in nature, or confused with childhood schizophrenia. A whole generation of parents—mothers, particularly—were made to feel guilty for the autism of their children.
不合理转述的例子:
The cause of the condition autism has been disputed. It occurs in approximately one in a thousand children, and it exists in all parts of the world, its characteristics strikingly similar in vastly differing cultures. The condition is often not noticeable in the child’s first year, yet it becomes more apparent as the child reaches the age of two or three. Although Asperger saw the condition as a biological defect of the emotions that was inborn and therefore similar to a physical defect, Kanner saw it as psychological in origin, as reflecting poor parenting and particularly a frigidly distant mother. During this period, autism was often seen as a defence mechanism, or it was misdiagnosed as childhood schizophrenia. An entire generation of mothers and fathers (but especially mothers) were made to feel responsible for their offspring’s autism (Sacks 247-48)(引用).
这个不合理的转述段落中,主要有两个问题:第一,大多数句子只不过是把一个短语替换成另一个短语而已;第二,唯一的引用出现在这段的最后一句(黄色标记),这句引用极易误导读者——前面的句子不是源自Sacks,而是作者的观点。
转述应该具有几个基本原则:
要在转述中明确提到作者。上面的文章明确说明了这些想法来自于Sacks,即段落结尾的括号注释,说明这句话的来源。
光转述是不够的,还要分析。Sacks的解释是,把原文分成两个部分:转述部分和分析部分,新的段落不仅重申了他的观点,而且列出了他的论点。
转述不需要包含所有来自原文的细节,适当的省略对自己论文意义不大的细节是没问题的。
转述必须用你自己的话,不仅仅是替换单词和短语,还必须创造新的句子。当然,转述不需要改变每个单词。
怎么总结?
当你总结一篇文章时,你首先需要理解它的内容,然后用你自己的语言捕捉原文中最重要的元素,将这些元素凝聚成一句或者一段话。简单说,总结就是先理解,然后提炼关键词,最后组合语句,总结需要不断地练习和学习,才能熟练掌握。
下面是“An Anthropologist on Mars”的一段总结,请大家自己领会总结的妙用。
In “An Anthropologist on Mars,” Sacks notes that although there is little disagreement on the chief characteristics of autism, researchers have differed considerably on its causes. As he points out, Asperger saw the condition as an innate defect in the child’s ability to connect with the external world, whereas Kanner regarded it as a consequence of harmful childrearing practices (247-48).
总 结
本期,笔者给大家分享了一些关于SCI论文中转述和总结他人成果和论文的经验和方法,转述和总结不是单纯的引用,大家要加以区分并熟练应用转述、总结和引用这三种方式,为自己的SCI论文的内容作支撑和添彩。希望本文对大家的SCI论文写作有所帮助!
下一期笔者将告诉大家如何在SCI论文写作中避免剽窃嫌疑。