使役动词表示一种引起发生的动作。换句话说,当我为自己做了一件事时,我就让它发生,或者我实际上什么都不做,而是请别人替我做。这就是使役动词的意义。
中高级英语学习者应该学习使役动词,并把它作为被动语态的替代。使役动词表示某人使某事发生,它在意义上与被动动词相似,但它们还是有轻微区别的,例如:
我剪头发了。
My hair was cut.
I had my hair cut.
解析:这两句意思一样,因为自己剪头发太难了,所以我们知道头发都是别人帮忙剪的。
The car was washed.
车子洗过了。
I got the car washed.
我把车洗了。
解析:这两句有点不一样,第一句有可能是说话者自己洗的车,而第二句很明显是别人帮忙洗的,这也是使役句型与被动语态的区别。被动语态强调是执行的动作,而使役句型强调的是某人让某事发生。
常见的使役动词有 let,have,make,get 和 help.
一、let 的”使役“格式:let sb do sth,相当于 allow sb to do sth,例如:
John let me drive his new car.
约翰让我开他的新车。
Will your parents let you go to the party?
你父母会让你去参加聚会吗?
I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.
我不知道老板是否会让我休息一天。
二、make 的”使役“格式:make sb do sth,表达某人迫使某人做某事,相当于 force sb to do sth,例如:
Peter made her do her homework.
彼得让她做家庭作业。
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
我的老师让我为我所说的话道歉。
The teacher made the students stay after class.
老师让学生下课后留下来。
The supervisor made the workers continue working in order to meet the deadline.
监工让工人们继续工作以赶上最后期限。
注意:还有两个使役格式 force sb to do sth/require sb to do sth,它们的意思和 make sb do sth 一样,但是比较少用,例如:
The law requires/forces everyone to wear a seatbelt in the car.
法律要求每个人在车里都系安全带。
三、have 的”使役“格式
1. have sb do sth,表示某人让某人做某事,通常用于管理和工作关系等。在这个格式中,你解释由谁来执行动作,例如:
Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
史密斯医生让他的护士量病人的体温。
解析:此句解释的是让护士执行动作。
Please have your secretary fax me the information.
请让你的秘书把资料传真给我。
解析:此句解释的是让秘书执行动作。
They had John arrive early.
他们让约翰早点到。
解析:此句解释的是让约翰执行动作。
She had her children cook dinner for her.
她让孩子们给她做饭。
解析:此句解释的是让孩子们执行动作。
2. have sth done(过去分词),表示某人让某人做某事,通常用于付费的服务,如洗车、房屋粉刷、狗美容等,此时句子的意思相当于被动语态的句子的意思。在这个格式中,你还不清楚谁执行动作,例如:
I had my hair cut last Saturday.
上周六我理发了。
She had the car washed at the weekend.
她周末请人洗车。
Mary had the dog groomed at the local pet store.
玛丽让人在当地的宠物店给狗理了毛。
四、get 的”使役“格式
1. get sb to do sth 表示说服某人做某事或鼓励某人做某事,例如:
Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
苏西让儿子吃了这药,尽管味道很难吃。
How can parents get their children to read more?
家长如何让孩子多读书?
The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.
政府的电视广告正试图让人们戒烟。
2. get sth done 表示某人让某人做某事,它与 have sth done 在表达付费服务时意思是一样的,例如:
They got/had their house painted last week.
他们上周把房子粉刷了。
Tom got/had his car washed yesterday.
汤姆昨天洗车了。
Alison got/had the painting appraised by an art dealer.
艾莉森得到了一位艺术品经销商的鉴定。
注意:get sth done 有的时候不表示使役意思,而表示设法完成困难的任务,例如:
I got the report finished last night.
我昨晚完成了报告。
She finally got her taxes done yesterday.
她昨天终于办完了税。
I got the lawn done before dinner.
晚饭前我把草坪修好了。
五、help 的”使役“格式:help sb (to) do sth,表示帮助别人做某事,其中不带 to 的格式更为人们所接受,例如:
My mom helps me complete my homework.
我妈妈帮我完成家庭作业。
We try to help all students realize their full potential.
我们努力帮助所有的学生充分发挥他们的潜力。